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The Ghost of Paley



Posts: 1703
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,11:27   

Wow! Does this thread have good writing or what? Sorta like a transcript of the Vidal/Buckley debate, without the physical threats of course.... :D
Just a few observations:
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Offspring of European-Asian breeding look like the non-European.

Not necessarily true.


The latter image in particular has undergone intense scientific scrutiny. :)
Quote
But there's a book I think you'd find pretty interesting. It was written by Kevin Phillips, an economist who worked for the Nixon administration. It's called "Wealth and Democracy: a Political History of the American Rich." He makes a pretty persuasive argument that the very programs conservatives decry are the ones which have done the most to better the lives of most Americans.

I'll take a look, but to be honest, most of the research I've seen has indicated that A.A. and Great Society programs have been failures.

--------------
Dey can't 'andle my riddim.

  
Alan Fox



Posts: 1556
Joined: Aug. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,11:41   

Mr P

You're not letting your "intense scientific scrutiny" distract you from adding the finishing touches to your "gut to gametes" paper, now, are you? One can only bate one's breath for so long, you know.

  
Stephen Elliott



Posts: 1776
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,11:46   

Well, the latter image is certainly worthy of intense scrutiny. Of any kind!

  
Flint



Posts: 478
Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,11:53   

Ghost:

I didn't want to write at length on a tangent. Yes, when caucasian and either negroid or oriental lineages interbreed, there is a blend which at the tip of the curve produces someone able to pass as straight caucasian. But this happens only in a very small minority of cases (and the non-caucasian half of the pair generally has multiple caucasians in their ancestry).

I do admire (in detail) your example, however.

I raised this point because, while earlier European immigration waves without exception met with social rejection, their differences weren't so visibly obvious. Their children typically mixed without the remaining (often still strong) hatreds, simply because they neither looked nor sounded "different." So the bigot-on-the-street simply *could not be sure* that these people should be hated, and guessing wrong has always been considered gauche in these cases.

And so in no more than two generations, the various waves of spics, dagos, wops, kikes, micks, krauts, frogs and their ilk were indistinguishable from, you know, actual real people. But this has never really been true of either the Africans nor the Asians. An accident of biology, despite the occasional (and often spectacularly attractive) exception. And I mention all of this to counter the fairly commonly proposed notion that biologically visible differentness explains rejection of African-Americans, which explains their social and economic difficulties, which explains their bottom-of-the-barrel status despite having been freed 150 years back.

Quote
to be honest, most of the research I've seen has indicated that A.A. and Great Society programs have been failures.

Failures in the sense of not accomplishing their stated goals. Perhaps not failures generically. After all, *someone* benefits from every transaction. By now, 100 years after its creation, the Department of Mines does absolutely nothing except spend about $3 million a year supporting those who depend on the money. Is that department a failure? Depends where you sit.

  
ericmurphy



Posts: 2460
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,12:40   

Quote (Flint @ Jan. 12 2006,15:16)
ericmurphy:


In all accuracy, these disparities have existed in every society where wealth can be accumulated.

But if differences in "capacities and needs" (not to mention kismet generally) always produce such a pattern, can we really denigrate it with words like "bedeviled"? The slings and arrows of the inevitable?


My point is not that wealth disparities exist in America. My point is that those wealth disparities are unnecessarily extreme. The difference between the wealthy and the poor in, say, Sweden is much smaller than it is in the U.S. Is this a situation amenable to amelioration? I think it is. Is it just hopeless? Doubtful, since other developed nations seem to have dealt with it more effectively than the U.S. has.

Quote
I suggest that such a philosophy is a matter of scale. It seems to be not only workable, but the ONLY workable approach, in very small communities (immediate families, very small and tightly coupled teams). It breaks down terminally where people begin to feel that the fruits of their labors aren't being directly reciprocated. YOU may be comfortable living in a society where productivity is penalized so as to provide rewards for being unproductive, but few people are, and by trial and error (or by anthropological observation) this point is reached somewhere in the 50-100 person community. Beyond this point, the temptation to consume more "justice" than one needs is beyond the ability of too high a proportion of the members to resist.


But most developed nations do in fact have just such redistributive schemes in place. What else is a graduated income tax? What, for that matter, is any kind of insurance scheme? Both are methods of distributing wealth from those who have more of what they need (money, healthcare) to those who don't have enough of what they need.

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While this disparity is undeniable, the circumstances of the Asian-Americans should not be so carefully tuned out. In comparison to African-Americans, the Asians share a goodly number of characteristics: They are immediately, visibly different. Offspring of European-Asian breeding look like the non-European. Active discrimination has been waged against them. They were never slaves, but they were surely demonized in the last Great War.


But you're overlooking one other major difference (and I think you're understating the significance of two centuries of slavery). Asian culture was never systematically eradicated the way Black culture was. While the first Asian immigrants to this country were transplanted to an alien culture, they were never prevented from preserving elements of their own culture. African slaves, aside from the obvious difficulties presented by becoming slaves, had the additional difficulties of having come from numerous disparate cultures all mixed together, and then suffering from having those cultures forcibly extirpated. Slaves were punished for speaking any language other than English, were prevented from becoming educated (with rare exceptions), and in general were treated more as livestock than as human beings.

Sure, Asian immigrants were mistreated, as were many European immigrants. But I think there are significant differences in the degree of discrimination which are largely responsible for the difference in economic progress Asian Americans have enjoyed by comparison to their African American brethren.

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Yet the Asians excel in schools, on standardized tests, in business and in technology. Why? What truly major difference leads to this astounding disparity in social success between Asians and blacks?


Well, for one thing, there has been a constant, steady influx of Asian Americans from their own cultures. Of the Asian Americans who work for my company, the majority were born overseas, in their own cultures. How many Americans of African descent were actually born in Africa? How many are not descended from slaves? My estimate is that number of Asian Americans alive today who are descended from imported laborers in the 19th century is a small minority of the total.

I believe this difference in the history of African Americans versus Asian Americans really is at the root of the current disparity in achievement. Asian American culture receives a steady influx of immigration from the home country, something African American culture does not. There is no "root stock," so to speak, of African culture which can inform African American culture. It is not uncommon for first-generation Asian immigrants to be from a wealthy background. First-generation African immigrants are almost unheard of, to say nothing of wealthy first-generation African immigrants.

Moreover, while there is a history of anti-Asian discrimination in the United States, it has simply never been as brutal, or as institutionalized, as anti-black discrimination. In short, the differences in the experiences of Asian Americans and African Americans are much more notable than the similarities.

--------------
2006 MVD award for most dogged defense of scientific sanity

"Atheism is a religion the same way NOT collecting stamps is a hobby." —Scott Adams

  
Dean Morrison



Posts: 216
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,12:50   

Much as I hate to disagree a tad with my future drinking buddy , Steve, I think we need to look back and take a broader view of 'affirmative action' / 'positive discrimination' in the UK annd the USA.

For a start the level of racial predjudice and discrimination bears no resemblance in the two countries - honestly it doesn't. I've been to the USA and was truly shocked at the level of segregation and disadvantage 'Afro-Americans' suffer, and which is taken for granted by all -and this in 'the land of opportunity'. As a people they have been done a historic injustice - and this wasn't simply 'put right' by Martin Luther King in the sixties.
From Flint's perspective these peoples parents were part of other 'peoples wealth' to be treated as disposable assets just a few generations ago - and the economists of his sort treated this as a 'fact of life' - about which nothing could be done. Heck - they were doing the slaves a favour.
So denied resources, the vote (even in Florida in 2000), education - or even the help of emergency services during a major disaster - the offspring of slaves are supposed to pull themselves up by their own bootstraps whilst they are kept down by the offspring of others that made a pretty penny off their back.

Something should be done to heal that gaping wound that still haunts American society. Affirmative action was one way that was proposed - direct but clumsy - and a likley cause of new injustices. Economic 'restitution' is another that has been proposed - where there would be a literal 'cash transaction from whites to blacks - bonkers really - but in keeping with 'free-market' thinking.
A more obvious one would be massive investment in public services - especially education - for all - thus helping all poorer people, including poor whites and latinos of which there are also many in America. If only George W Bush's rhetoric lived up to reality 'No Child Left Behind' could mean something.
But what does he do? more tax cuts for the super-duper rich buddies of his - and massive public investment in a foreign adventure - where the lives that are given are those of the poor and black, and not those of the children of the rich and powerful.
Despite our similarities Britain is a different society - we are much more equal; and we have a government that is at least trying to advance poorer kids, regardless of race. We have never had an 'affirmative action' policy such as the Americans have - although we have had milder forms such as 'Women only shortlists' for women labour MP's - a policy that (although there were protests at the time) has seen to be hugely successful in addressing the gender imbalance in parliament - so successful in fact that the Tories are about to introduce their own version of it.

'Affirmative action' was one of the few actions that were taken by the American government to address the huge difference in opportunity experienced by Whites and other races in the USA. Probably because it was cheap, and the costs weren't borne by central government. Racists like Paley would deny them even that, and economic 'liberals' like Flint would deny them any other kind of help.

They'd be happy to come back in five hundred years and see no change. In fact 'Paley' would predict it as 'certain cultures aren't suited to 'Western society'.

I have something else to say about the Asian Doctor thing - but I'll save that for the pub Steve  
:D

  
Dean Morrison



Posts: 216
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,13:03   

Okay - we know you dig Asian chicks Paley, but wouldn't you prefer a good old Americun' Christyun girl from Texas?



I would.

  
Dean Morrison



Posts: 216
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,13:12   

Oh and Flint ... by far the biggest landowners in the UK (who also have masses of dosh stacked up in the 'City';) are the 'Aristocracy'.
Who are the 'Aristocracy'? - the descendents of the 'Normans' and their allies that invaded this country 950 years ago and took the land and property from the Saxon and Celtic locals.
They even have their own chamber of governmernt 'The House of Lords'.

And you are dissapointed that the descendants of slaves haven't scrambled onto an equal footing with 'White America' in 150 years?

- don't make me laugh!

  
The Ghost of Paley



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Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,13:28   

Alan Fox wrote:
Quote
You're not letting your "intense scientific scrutiny" distract you from adding the finishing touches to your "gut to gametes" paper, now, are you? One can only bate one's breath for so long, you know.

Let's see....first there's Cogzie, then there's Mr. "I ain't no doctor yet" Brazeau, so let's say......two weeks. If you've been waiting this long, you can wait a little longer. This way, you're learning the virtues of patience along with biology. I like to give full value.

--------------
Dey can't 'andle my riddim.

  
Flint



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Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,13:28   

Dean:

Quote
And you are dissapointed that the descendants of slaves haven't scrambled onto an equal footing with 'White America' in 150 years?

Either you didn't read anything I wrote, or you didn't understand it, or (most likely) you didn't WISH to understand it. I won't repeat it. If you wish to laugh at something I didn't say, don't blame me while you do it.

  
Flint



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Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,14:13   

ericmurphy:

Quote
My point is not that wealth disparities exist in America. My point is that those wealth disparities are unnecessarily extreme.

No question about it, wealth disparities can be manipulated a great deal through national policies of various kinds. The real question isn't whether American disparities are unnecessarily extreme, but whether they are unnaturally extreme. Since the US has been engaged in a rather massive wealth-transfer program for some decades now, I suppose it's prima facie the case that these disparities are unnaturally small. I grant you that the Swedish (and similar) experiences demonstate by dint of truly extraordinary effort, these disparities can be reduced quite a bit more. So the question is whether these highly artificial wealth transfer programs are "good" national policy. And the answer to that question typically depends on whether you are an involuntary donor of the fruits of your effort to someone else, or the happy recipient of fruits someone else earned.

Quote
But most developed nations do in fact have just such redistributive schemes in place.

You're right. Is your argument that if most do it, it becomes righter? I doubt you could find many people so heartless as to refuse to lend a hand where a hand is required. A kind of "when you have to go there, they have to let you in" sort of thing. But perhaps what you do NOT want is to purchase institutionalized disincentive to achieve personal potential.

Quote
But I think there are significant differences in the degree of discrimination which are largely responsible for the difference in economic progress Asian Americans have enjoyed by comparison to their African American brethren.

With all due respect, I think your point about "systematically eradicated culture" is hogswallop. I admit I don't understand what the real reason is, but I notice that the other immigrant waves had essentially abandoned their cultures within two generations, voluntarily. They all became Americans. I grew up in an ethnic neighborhood where the grandparents (off the boat) spoke no English, the parents were bilingual, and the kids my age spoke ONLY English. We all ate the same food, dressed the same, etc. The melting pot, for these waves, was very real.

Now, what I'm trying to emphasize is that this basically total adoption of the new nation in language, dress, food, and values happened within the living observation of the immigrants. In other words, people are amazingly malleable, and these cultural adoptions happen FAST. Newborns brought to America from anywhere on earth and raised by Americans AS Americans, are as solidly American as anyone else. Indeed, enough such cases exist to indicate that there is nothing either historical or biological that can predict any such newborn's eventual social success. Instead, the best predictor is the social circumstances of the adoptive parents.

I certainly agree with you that there are "significant differences in the degree of discrimination" between African and Asian Americans. But why?

Quote
Of the Asian Americans who work for my company, the majority were born overseas, in their own cultures. How many Americans of African descent were actually born in Africa?

And how many of the Irish-Americans were born in Ireland? How many of the Italian (or German, or Russian) Americans have ever been to their ancestral countries, or know anyone who lives there, or even speak the language anymore?

ericmurphy, if an interbreeding population remains unassimilated after 150 years of full citizenship, the problem isn't isolation from some ancestral culture. These (as I point out) ancestral cultures are readily discarded by most groups, and don't remain central to the lives of ANY groups for more than a few generations. Even a group as insular (and targeted by bigotry) as the Jews has no need of Affirmative Action. Indeed, the Jews have been resented for being so successful.

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I believe this difference in the history of African Americans versus Asian Americans really is at the root of the current disparity in achievement. Asian American culture receives a steady influx of immigration from the home country, something African American culture does not. There is no "root stock," so to speak, of African culture which can inform African American culture.

I admit I don't find this very plausible. Why is it that all those other immigrant groups have assimilated so successfully despite no greater "fatherland influx"? For that matter, Africa is a seething mass of microcultures, many of which are rapidly vanishing beneath the steamroller of Western language, dress, movies and TV, the internet...

(And it might, for all I know, be worth noting that Asians have been discouragingly successful managing their own nations, to the point where they present a genuine economic threat to US interests. By extreme contrast, Africans have systematically wrecked *every nation they have undertaken to govern* across all of Africa. And this despite massive injections of foreign aid (something the Asian nations have needed none of.) African nations are without question the most corrupt, brutal, vicious and racist governments anywhere on the planet. Several genocidal campaigns seem to be in process at any given time. Why?)

So something else is going on here. I don't know what it is.

Quote
Moreover, while there is a history of anti-Asian discrimination in the United States, it has simply never been as brutal, or as institutionalized, as anti-black discrimination. In short, the differences in the experiences of Asian Americans and African Americans are much more notable than the similarities.

While you're entirely correct that anti-black discrimination has been notably more vigorous than anti-Asian discrimination, and that levels of discrimination matter, I still submit that you are basically kidding yourself. Why would discrimination, even of different LEVELS, cause one group to excel above and beyond the caucasian baseline, while causing the other group to fall well short? Why would a quantitative difference in the same direction result in a truly drastic qualitative difference in opposite directions?

I admit I find your rationalizations reek of special pleading - for every justification for African-American performance problems, you can find several analogous groups defying your proposed pattern. Indeed, the Africans are the exceptions in every case. Discrimination - yep, against every one. ONLY the Africans need Affirmative Action. Assimilation? Yep, in every case EXCEPT the Africans. Divorce from original homeland's history? Yep, but harmless in every case EXCEPT the Africans. Why? Why?

Look, I want everyone to succeed. I'm opposed to all discrimination. But I can see pretty easily that giving every single member of some identifiable subgroup a fish every single day isn't working. Even if we followed Dean's all-heart-no-brains preferences and gave each of them a DOZEN fish a day, I strongly suspect we would not drive much personal achievement. It's not that I don't wish to help, it's that I want help to WORK. Repeating (or doing more of) what manifestly doesn't work, in the hopes that pretty soon it will work because we so very much WANT it to work, is futile.

  
ericmurphy



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(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,15:58   

I give up. Although I guess if I could come up with an explanation that would satisfy everyone, I'd probably be in the running for a prize in Stockholm.

The only thing I can think of that is totally unique to the African American experience in this country is that, alone among all ethnic groups, African Americans were enslaved by white Americans. Obviously you do not agree with me that, 150 years later, that experience could have drastically affected the economic success of African Americans. Since it's difficult to constrain a curve through a single data point, it's possible we'll never know the answer for certain. But I think Dr. Diamond was onto something when he proposed that different degrees of socio-economic success are due to external factors, not genetic factors.

Let us imagine that, instead of simply exterminating the Jews, Nazi Germany enslaved them. Let's further imagine that the Thousand Year Reich actually lasted for 200 years. Let's imagine after 200 years of degeneracy, Germany once again became a liberal democracy. After 200 years of slavery, the Jews were freed through some sort of emancipation proclamation. How long would one suppose it would take these newly freed Jews to become the vibrant, successful members of society they currently are? Would we expect it to take less than four generations? Maybe so, maybe not.

Certainly a legacy of slavery is an external factor. It seems to me that it's a factor that dwarfs all others. And let's remember; the last generation of African Americans who had living relatives with experience in slavery only died out a generation ago. Surely it can be expected that a population descended from slaves will take more than a handful of generations to recover.

--------------
2006 MVD award for most dogged defense of scientific sanity

"Atheism is a religion the same way NOT collecting stamps is a hobby." —Scott Adams

  
sir_toejam



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Joined: April 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,16:43   

I know I'm gonna hate myself for doing this but...

Quote
The only thing I can think of that is totally unique to the African American experience in this country is that, alone among all ethnic groups, African Americans were enslaved by white Americans.


that isn't technically nor historically accurate.  Native americans were also used as slave labor (mostly before the southern plantations became commonplace), as were chinese (railroads, shipping).  I'm leaving some out, to be sure, but there it is.

what you could say is that it is a rarity that "whites" in this country were ever used as slave labor, so in that sense "whites" cannot share that historical experience, or even really understand it from that particular perspective.

as far as the Jewish people are concerned, you don't need to imagine anything.

they were enslaved by the egyptians.  How long did it take them to recover from that?  several generations at least?

and yeah, if they had to STAY in egypt after they were "emancipated", one can only guess it would have taken even longer.

  
Flint



Posts: 478
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(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,16:54   

ericmurphy:

Quote
I think Dr. Diamond was onto something when he proposed that different degrees of socio-economic success are due to external factors, not genetic factors.

While I agree, experience shows these factors are nearly impossible to disentangle.

Quote
Obviously you do not agree with me that, 150 years later, that experience could have drastically affected the economic success of African Americans.

I think when the slaves were first freed, their economic circumstances were terrible. Leftover animosities certainly did not help, for generations. And institutionalized and habitual discrimination are certainly discouraging, for anyone. There is no question African-Americans have been dealt a lousy hand.

But strangely, ALL the immigrant waves have been dealt truly lousy hands. Maybe not quite as bad, but most of them were dirt poor, most of them didn't speak the language, most of them came from different religious traditions. Only the blacks have clung to the same lousy hand generation after generation after generation. The Asian experience shows that physically visible differences aren't the sole explanation either.

Quote
After 200 years of slavery, the Jews were freed through some sort of emancipation proclamation. How long would one suppose it would take these newly freed Jews to become the vibrant, successful members of society they currently are?

My reading is that Jews have been treated poorly for millennia, everywhere they've gone. But you may be on to something here. The Jews, as I wrote, are insular. They maintain the best goold-old-boy network the world has ever seen, extending from their exclusive religion (converts NOT welcome) to their practice of marrying ONLY one another, to a strong preference to hiring Jews if at all possible, to their fairly continuous distinct cultural practices. They represent a separate ethnic group biologically even moreso than African-Americans. They are hated and resented. They succeed. Something about the culture...

And whatever we may think of the Asians, they are without question (as a group average) hard workers, willing to sacrifice for the future and for their children. Imagine (I'll fantasize for a moment) handing welfare payments to poor Jews, blacks, and Asians. Is there any question the Jews and Asians would promptly bank or invest the money and *continue* to work hard? While the blacks by observation spend the money *in lieu* of working? Those black children who try to learn their school lessons and do their homework are dissed within their culture for "acting white", while successful blacks (professionals and executives) are despised as "uncle toms". Another cultural thing...

Consider the reaction of African "leaders" to the American political experience. Repeatedly, they have expressed slack-jawed incomprehension at the American President's willingness to HOLD an election ("but he has the POWER. WHY would he risk it?"), and then not to RIG the election ("but he controls the results! WHY would he not cause himself to win?"), and even LOSE an election ("but...but...he controls the MILITARY. He has all the POWER. WHY doesn't he USE it? Why? It makes no SENSE). Again, this is a cultural thing.

When I was much younger, I worked in a machine shop that was a mix of Italians, blacks, and Jews. I watched the distinctly different reactions to management. When nobody was looking, the Jews continued to meet their quotas. The Italians slacked off some, but kept working. The blacks never worked unless a manager was looking over their shoulder. When Affirmative Action came in, the blacks stopped working altogether, knowing they couldn't be fired. Which didn't stop them from shouting racism (and names) when the Jews were promoted and given raises. Dirty Jew lovers, the blacks sneered. Another cultural thing.

Where I worked until a few years ago, payday for everyone used to be every other Friday. On the assembly line, which was minimum wage work, everyone was poor. But the whites and hispanics returned to the line on Monday; the blacks only when the money ran out and they HAD to return. It became necessary to pay daily, Another culture thing.

But these things add up after a while. I see all of these things as ways to gobble your seed corn while shooting yourself in the foot. Indeed, black community leaders (another anomaly. There don't seem to be "community leaders" of other groups) sometimes express frustration at the sheer wideband unwillingness to *make any effort* to learn, to work, to study, to save, etc. After a while, you can only wonder.

  
sir_toejam



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(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,17:03   

those are some amazing stories, flint.

just as a counter, growing up in CA and having lived here all my life, all i will say is that my experiences are quite a bit different from yours.

almost exactly the opposite, in fact.

My experiences of the African American acquaintances i have known is that they are almost overcompensatory in their work ethic, reacting to the exact views you just expressed.

Howver, that was mostly at the University level and in technology sector settings.

fascinating.

I guess we can only see from this that overgeneralizing an entire ethnic groups' behavioral patterns is unproductive, huh?

shall we move on to those lazy mexicans now?

oh, and for the record,

Quote
But I think Dr. Diamond was onto something when he proposed that different degrees of socio-economic success are due to external factors, not genetic factors


I would tend to agree that like in chaos theory, your starting conditions tend have an overwhelming effect on the endpoint, even out of all proportion to what the starting conditions might suggest.

That's as far as I'm going in this debate.

cheers

  
Stephen Elliott



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Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 12 2006,23:07   

Assuming that both Flint and Sir_TJ are both accurate.
It is hardly surprising that Sir_TJ has that experience.

If mainstream African American culture is as described by Flint, then the only people from that background to be at university level, would be the most determined and talented of the ethnic group.

I believe that culture is far more important than race on how people perform. Obviously tempered by oportunity.

As a side note from personal experience. On my first extended visit to the USA. Driving from the southern outskirts into central Tucson. It was a saddening sight to regularly see a native American stood in the central gap of the road. Wearing a sign saying "will work for food".

  
Dean Morrison



Posts: 216
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 13 2006,00:38   

Sorry Flint - I did misunderstand what you said -

The stuff about the British Aristocracy is true though :)

  
Flint



Posts: 478
Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 13 2006,02:56   

Sir Toejam:

Quote
I guess we can only see from this that overgeneralizing an entire ethnic groups' behavioral patterns is unproductive, huh?

If we are overgeneralizing, then of course we are missing something crucial. Like you, my experience in engineering is that the Aftican-Americans are at least as dedicated (and competent) as anyone, if not moreso. But Affirmative Action is not directed at an overgeneralization, but a statistical reality.

If we take as axiomatic that the connection between biology and culture is tenuous, then we are pretty much limited to seeking cultural explanations. As opposed to Jensen and others who point out that on the most predictive tests we can devise of mental capability, blacks consistently score one standand deviation below whites (and TWO standard deviations below Asians).

Of course Jensen, like you, is quick to point out that we're looking at largely overlapping bell curves, and we're saying nothing about any particular individual. But to the Jensenists, the social patterns we see in America (and across all Africa without exception) are unsurprising consequences of his measurements. Their (very) carefully worded conclusions say "What would you expect? These people lack the biological horsepower. We are describing test results accepted as valid and useful for everyone who scores average or above. Why do they become invalid for blacks?"

I reject Jensen's analysis basically for two reasons: first, I don't WANT him to be correct. And second, I think his measurement tools are problematic and indirect, and find Gould's The Mismeasure of Man persuasive.

Dean:

Yes, you make a good point about the aristocracy. As Gould wrote, class in Britain serves the psychological role race serves in America. I'm sure you would know far more than I do, but my limited reading of British sociology says that there are more class-based social stratifications than just peers and commons. In fact, that this stratification is maintained by a dual-track educational system.

The psychologists speculate that an underclass is a stable fixture of large societies because it serves self-image purposes. Sounds very wooly to me, but still, certain essentially class-based distinctions seem wired into societies in Britain, America, India, and elsewhere. And they resist eradication. But I admit this is something about which I'm totally ignorant.

  
The Ghost of Paley



Posts: 1703
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 14 2006,08:28   

Flint wrote:
Quote
I reject Jensen's analysis basically for two reasons: first, I don't WANT him to be correct. And second, I think his measurement tools are problematic and indirect, and find Gould's The Mismeasure of Man persuasive.

While I agree that Jensen's hypothesis suffers from significant flaws, I'd be careful about giving too much credence to Mismeasure. Some psychologists argue that Gould's book shuns scientific analysis in favor of polemicism, and regard his book as the psychometric equivalent of Worlds in Collision. For a better discussion of these issues, try this APA report and Murray's latest, which include more recent studies, including many critical of the Bell Curve.

--------------
Dey can't 'andle my riddim.

  
Flint



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(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 14 2006,10:18   

Ghost:

The basic problem, as I see it, is that "intelligence" (whatever that means outside of any context) is a matter of such extreme sensitivity. Something I admit rubs me the wrong way about the idea that intelligence is a thing that we have, that some of us have more if it than others, that it reflects one of the most, if not the most important aspects of our individuality and capability, that it (at the very least) resists any effort to get more of it, and that it's so closely associated in our minds with personal merit.

As you might expect, I'm less than astonished that psychologists wouldn't cheerfully embrace a critique that dismisses both their assumptions and their tools. I'm also aware that Gould's own son had brain issues (clearly organic) resulting in abnormally wide variations in abilities. The single number being defended as the measure of the man not surprisingly ranked Gould's son solidly in the "worthless" category, a result sure to anger any father.

I think even valid arguments that Gould's skepticism about factor analysis are less than fully justified, miss Gould's point. Historical attempts to measure brainpower HAVE been used traditionally to buttress the status quo, and people in fact ARE capable of acquiring amazing levels of proficiency (or failing to do so) in ways that a single, set number implies are narrowly constrained. It just ain't so.

Mismeasure isn't even an attempt to be a scientific treatise. It's an attempt to show long-standing, systemic bias that has always managed to show that those doing the evaluation are "smarter" than those they *knew* were dumber before they began.

I ask you to imagine a psychologist devising any measure of brainpower, applying it reasonably broadly (including to themselves), and sincerely concluding "gee, I'm a lot stupider than I thought I was. My test must be accurate!"

  
The Ghost of Paley



Posts: 1703
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 15 2006,11:30   

Quote
I think even valid arguments that Gould's skepticism about factor analysis are less than fully justified, miss Gould's point. Historical attempts to measure brainpower HAVE been used traditionally to buttress the status quo, and people in fact ARE capable of acquiring amazing levels of proficiency (or failing to do so) in ways that a single, set number implies are narrowly constrained. It just ain't so.

But this objection misses the point of modern research, which relies more on statistics and neurobiology than it does on conflating "g" with other variables. Surely there are many ways to measure human value and accomplishment; nobody claims otherwise. But if you want to quantify the level of an individual's "book" smarts, IQ is a good - if imperfect -  tool to use. The real question becomes, "Are group differences in these traits due in part to genes?" We both agree the answer eludes the experts, but that doesn't detract from what they have discovered. And ignoring the problem won't erase the consequences of policies predicated on egalitarian assumptions (which I share). Skepticism is appropriate for now; will it always be so?

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Dey can't 'andle my riddim.

  
Dean Morrison



Posts: 216
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 15 2006,12:32   

... depends what you want to believe Paley. In my opinion you've already made your mind up.

  
Flint



Posts: 478
Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 15 2006,12:41   

Ghost:

Quote
The real question becomes, "Are group differences in these traits due in part to genes?" We both agree the answer eludes the experts, but that doesn't detract from what they have discovered. And ignoring the problem won't erase the consequences of policies predicated on egalitarian assumptions (which I share). Skepticism is appropriate for now; will it always be so?

I think skepticism will always be appropriate. And I should point out that even Gould didn't take a position of "total nurture" - he readily admitted that the brain, like any other part of the body, was variable over (almost surely) some bell curve. He concedes in Mismeasure that differences in mental capability are surely (if only partially) biological. His focus was on the tendency of such a wooly measure to be self-fulfilling. The psychologists are contending that their measurement techniques are NOT wooly. They may be relying heavily on statistics and almost none on direct neurological examination (which, on humans, violates ethics). But their statistical rigor is as soundly based as they can make it.

And my own preference is to insist that someone's value (or even their mental muscle) can't be usefully described by a single number. That number encompasses and cancels out very real and meaningful distinct capabilities, and the number itself is subject to some considerable change with simple practice.

My concern has been that since I'm not a biologist, I don't understand how something as broad-spectrum as "intelligence" can have failed to regress toward the mean after a couple of centuries of fairly common interbreeding. Blue eyes, OK, maybe that's more of a on/off switch. But "intelligence" (whatever that means, since the meaning depends *entirely* on whatever (if anything) a specific suite of tests might be measuring)? The notion of an "intelligence gene" is absurd.

(Back a couple of decades, Charley Finley signed an Olympic sprint champion to use up a spot on the A's roster as a dedicated baserunner. The idea was, as one of the fastest people alive, this guy could steal bases at will. Finley kept the experiment going long enough (several seasons, and several hundred attempts to steal bases) to show that this sprinter's stealing record was distinctly below the major league average. Seems there's a lot more involved here than just speed. I read Gould as saying a lot of what we regard as intelligence, is a measure of what is kinetic, not just potential.)

  
gregonomic



Posts: 44
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 15 2006,18:02   

Flint,

"Intelligence" is almost certainly genetically determined, at least in part. But, like many human characteristics (including our susceptibility to all sorts of subclinical diseases/disorders), it is likely a complex trait.

This means that it is influenced by many loci (or genes, if you will), each of which has several alleles (or possibilities). And these alleles are likely to be finely tuned to developmental/environmental signals, so that any disruptions during critical stages of development will have a profound on the capabilities of the individual.

Comprehensive genetic studies of people of different nationalities have shown that the majority (~90%) of genetic variation in humans is within populations, with a much lower amount of variation (~5-10%, IIRC) occurring between populations. However, these studies suggest that although most human populations possess most of the possible alleles at most loci, the frequencies of the alleles differ between populations. I would not be surprised if this is also the case for "intelligence" genes.

The scale of genotyping that's going to happen over the next decade or two will surely lead to major advances in our knowledge about this, and other genetic phenomena. So hold the phone.

As for Affirmative Action, I'm with ericmurphy - you can't expect a group of people that has been oppressed for a dozen generations to bounce back in 2 generations. Especially when the oppression has still been largely present for those 2 generations. The playing field is clearly not even level yet.

Some people might be happy to wait for a dozen generations for the playing field to get level again, but I'd rather hurry the process up a little.

And regarding the comment that started this thread, I think it's farcical that the GoP would deny being a racist and simultaneously label Jared Diamond as one.

  
Flint



Posts: 478
Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 16 2006,04:12   

gregonomic:

Quote
As for Affirmative Action, I'm with ericmurphy - you can't expect a group of people that has been oppressed for a dozen generations to bounce back in 2 generations. Especially when the oppression has still been largely present for those 2 generations. The playing field is clearly not even level yet.

What bothers me is, IF you are right that it takes more than 2 generations to bounce back from adversity, why have all of the other immigration waves done so as easily as they have? ALL of them faced severe discrimination, most of them didn't speak the language, most of them were dirt poor, few of them had any formal education, and at least in the case of the Jews, discrimination remains virulent.

So as I tried to argue with ericmurphy, it's not sufficient to simply opine that 2 generations aren't enough for blacks, blithely ignoring the fact that it HAS been enough for *every other group*, despite explicit social handicaps. And this despite the fact that blacks have been the recipients of a long and growing history of targeted social handouts the other groups never enjoyed (including welfare, affirmative action, various child care programs, and so on. While these programs have failed to have the desired effect, they DID transfer a whole lot of wealth).

So even granting that this unique and vast discrepancy with respect to *every comparable group* is cultural, we still haven't identified what there is about the culture that causes identifiable and frequently-resented out-groups like Jews and Asians to excel, but causes blacks to lag behind. The best we can do is exercise special pleading on a case-by-case basis. So I still think something systemic is going on here that we haven't extracted from the overall pattern.

Maybe you're right and "major advances in our knowledge" of the genotype will explain a lot. But if it does explain a lot, then by implication the explanation of this unique display of social incompetence is biological. And if it IS biological, if Jensen is correct, then attempts at social remediation are misdirected. I personally don't want to believe that.

  
Dean Morrison



Posts: 216
Joined: Dec. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 16 2006,04:47   

Quote
What bothers me is, IF you are right that it takes more than 2 generations to bounce back from adversity, why have all of the other immigration waves done so as easily as they have? ALL of them faced severe discrimination, most of them didn't speak the language, most of them were dirt poor, few of them had any formal education, and at least in the case of the Jews, discrimination remains virulent.


Since when was slavery an 'immigration wave'?

.. and the idea that they were all dirt poor and uneducated deserves some investigation - My fathers ancestors were Irish - they got as far as Liverpool and stayed - not everyone could afford the boat to the USA. Immigrants at least had the wealth to do that. Many headed for the thriving industrial economies of the North - or to steal land from native Americans in the West. The Slaves were stuck in the Southern states, where the only economy to speak of had been built on their slavery - and where shortly after the civil war new legislation was put in by the States to specifically discrimnate against them.
I can recall the battle for civil rights in my lifetime.

"Two generations to bounce back from adversity?"

Don't make me laugh Flint - there hasn't been a generation of Black people in the States that have lived without institutional adversity directed squarely at them. After Katrina I don't see that much has changed today - and it's clear that you and Paley are happy to keep things that way.

I'm sorry to say you have gone down in my estimation Flint - you should be worried that you are so happy to be on Paley's side of the argument.

  
MidnightVoice



Posts: 380
Joined: Aug. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 16 2006,04:56   

I have lived decades in both UK and USA, and a few years in Africa, and know many people of African descent.  And racism exists in all those places, but there do seem to be differences between the UK and the US, and I do think much of it comes from the history of slavery in the States versus immigration in the UK.  Lets face it, in the states the Civil War is not yet over, and there are places where the confederate flag is still revered.

--------------
If I fly the coop some time
And take nothing but a grip
With the few good books that really count
It's a necessary trip

I'll be gone with the girl in the gold silk jacket
The girl with the pearl-driller's hands

  
Flint



Posts: 478
Joined: Jan. 2006

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 16 2006,05:44   

Dean,

Quote
Since when was slavery an 'immigration wave'?

In a sense, it was. The slaves were not voluntary immigrants, but (not too arbitrarily) we can say that ALL people not Native Americans are immigrants.

Quote
and the idea that they were all dirt poor and uneducated deserves some investigation

You are certainly welcome to perform this investigation. Check out Ellis Island.

Quote
Many headed for the thriving industrial economies of the North - or to steal land from native Americans in the West.

Agreed. In fact, when the slaves were freed, many of them headed for the industrial north.

Quote
The Slaves were stuck in the Southern states, where the only economy to speak of had been built on their slavery

Only until after the American Civil War. After that, they were free to migrate around, and many if not most did exactly that.

Quote
where shortly after the civil war new legislation was put in by the States to specifically discrimnate against them.

Here, you make your first valid point. For nearly 100 years following emancipation, there were discriminatory "Jim Crow" laws on the books no other group of immigrants faced. Attemtps to integrate blacks into American society and guarantee first-class citizenship are only about 50 years old. And by the time those Jim Crow laws were repealed and efforts begun to correct the damage, a great deal of socialization had come to pass.

So here, I think you have raised a valid and excellent point. Other groups may have faced serious barriers on arrival, but those barriers had not become institutionalized - these groups could find their new identities, so to speak. But the blacks, for historical reasons, HAD an identify pretty well set in place by legal practices. MUCH harder to break out of.

Quote
there hasn't been a generation of Black people in the States that have lived without institutional adversity directed squarely at them. After Katrina I don't see that much has changed today - and it's clear that you and Paley are happy to keep things that way.

After many efforts, I must conclude that you are so convinced that I hold opinions I have never expressed, that there are no possible words I could write that would disabuse you of this delusion.

I agree with everything you say. What I have been asking is, WHY are things this way? Until we understand what causes this, our efforts to correct it miss the target. You seem absolutely convinced, for reasons I couldn't even guess, that even *recognition* of the problem must imply approval.

I am personally angry at the way things are, I think they are unnecessary, short-sighted, damaging, and in general a situation where *everyone* loses. Why else would I be trying to understand how to change it effectively? And you say I'm happy to keep things as they are?

Quote
I'm sorry to say you have gone down in my estimation Flint

If I were guilty of what you keep saying, your attitude would be justified. But here I find you doing the same thing you did on the economics thread: assuming that *noticing* an inequity constitutes approval of that inequity, and that any attempt to understand what CAUSES that inequity constitutes some sort of callous bigotry. Is it any wonder you seem to understand nothing, and all you say about me is not only wrong but outright stupid? After all, you've made it clear that your opinion of yourself would go down if you made the effort to figure anything out. You wouldn't want to get your mind dirty actually *looking at* the world's problems, when you could be preaching instead, and lying about the motivations of those with more immediate knowledge.

So let's just say that we disagree. If I'm trying to understand why blacks are at the bottom of the social rank, this doesn't mean I approve. If I'm trying to understand how supply and demand contribute to WalMart screwing up a community, this doesn't mean I approve. If I'm trying to understand what leads companies to pollute, this doesn't mean I approve of pollution. Except in your mind.

MidnightVoice:

Quote
I do think much of it comes from the history of slavery in the States versus immigration in the UK.  Lets face it, in the states the Civil War is not yet over, and there are places where the confederate flag is still revered.

I agree the reasons for the social stratification we see are surely historical. I live in Alabama but came from the North, so it's a bit jarring for me to see these flags and hear the frequently expressed desire to restore the status quo ante.

My view is that our incentive system is somehow backwards. There is little incentive to achieve if the achievements are disregarded or seriously under-rewarded. There is little incentive to reward achievement if there are no visible economic rewards for doing so. And this system is hard to change when it has been in place long enough for everyone involved to take it as a given, as the way things are supposed to be.

  
ericmurphy



Posts: 2460
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 16 2006,06:00   

Quote (Flint @ Jan. 16 2006,10:12)
What bothers me is, IF you are right that it takes more than 2 generations to bounce back from adversity, why have all of the other immigration waves done so as easily as they have?


Because they didn't arrive here as slaves, they didn't arrive here to have their own culture systematically eradicated, and they simply did not suffer the level of racism and discrimination that African Americans have.

Quote
ALL of them faced severe discrimination, most of them didn't speak the language, most of them were dirt poor, few of them had any formal education, and at least in the case of the Jews, discrimination remains virulent.


No. For one thing, all the other immigrant populations (with insignificant exceptions) came voluntarily. How many African Americans today are descended from voluntary immigrants? And the level of discrimination is simply much higher for African Americans. Caucasians do not cross the street to avoid passing Jews or Asians on American Streets. To say that discrimination against Jews is as virulent as discrimination against African Americans is (sorry) preposterous. What proportion of the professions is Jewish, and what proportion is African American?

Quote
So as I tried to argue with ericmurphy, it's not sufficient to simply opine that 2 generations aren't enough for blacks, blithely ignoring the fact that it HAS been enough for *every other group*, despite explicit social handicaps.


To describe a legacy of slavery as a "social handicap" is kind of comical, don't you think?

Quote
And this despite the fact that blacks have been the recipients of a long and growing history of targeted social handouts the other groups never enjoyed (including welfare, affirmative action, various child care programs, and so on. While these programs have failed to have the desired effect, they DID transfer a whole lot of wealth).


With the exception of affirmative action, all of these other programs are equally available to all groups. And as for transferring a lot of wealth, the wealth transferred is dwarfed by wealth transferred in the other direction. Look at the defense budget and compare it to the budget for AFDC, if you want an example. Look at the Bush tax cuts, for another example. Look at the decline in corporate income taxes over the last 50 years for a third example.

Quote
So even granting that this unique and vast discrepancy with respect to *every comparable group* is cultural, we still haven't identified what there is about the culture that causes identifiable and frequently-resented out-groups like Jews and Asians to excel, but causes blacks to lag behind. The best we can do is exercise special pleading on a case-by-case basis. So I still think something systemic is going on here that we haven't extracted from the overall pattern.


I think we have identified the culprit. Of all ethnic groups in the U.S., African Americans have lagged furthest behind. Of all ethnic groups in the U.S., one has been enslaved for generations. Correlation doesn't equal causation, but I think in this case there probably is a connection between the two.

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2006 MVD award for most dogged defense of scientific sanity

"Atheism is a religion the same way NOT collecting stamps is a hobby." —Scott Adams

  
Stephen Elliott



Posts: 1776
Joined: Oct. 2005

(Permalink) Posted: Jan. 16 2006,06:01   

I believe directed welfare and affirmative action can be counter-productive.

You are basically saying "these people can't compete".

Equal access to education for all citizens would be a beginning. Changing cultural atitudes is also very important.

For a short while I lived on a council estate in the UK (Ince in Wigan, Lancashire). This was almost entirely white. The culture there was to leave school and spend the rest of their life on welfare.
Not everybody of course, but it was the mainstream.

As far as I can tell the only thing causing these people to underperform was the way they CHOSE to live life.

  
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