Joe G
Posts: 12011
Joined: July 2007
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| Quote (Occam's Aftershave @ July 24 2020,23:09) | Here Joke you dumbass, a comparative study of fossil morphology supporting giraffe / okapi common ancestry.
Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck
| Quote | Abstract
Several evolutionary theories have been proposed to explain the adaptation of the long giraffe neck; however, few studies examine the fossil cervical vertebrae. We incorporate extinct giraffids, and the okapi and giraffe cervical vertebral specimens in a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy and elongation of the neck. We establish and evaluate 20 character states that relate to general, cranial and caudal vertebral lengthening, and calculate a length-to-width ratio to measure the relative slenderness of the vertebrae. Our sample includes cervical vertebrae (n=71) of 11 taxa representing all seven subfamilies. We also perform a computational comparison of the C3 of Samotherium and Giraffa camelopardalis, which demonstrates that cervical elongation occurs disproportionately along the cranial–caudal vertebral axis. Using the morphological characters and calculated ratios, we propose stages in cervical lengthening, which are supported by the mathematical transformations using fossil and extant specimens. We find that cervical elongation is anisometric and unexpectedly precedes Giraffidae. Within the family, cranial vertebral elongation is the first lengthening stage observed followed by caudal vertebral elongation, which accounts for the extremely long neck of the giraffe |
| Quote | | Figure 5. Cladogram with geological age and dorsal view of C3 vertebrae of taxa evaluated. Pe, Prodremotherium elongatum; Cs, Canthumeryx sirtensis; Oj, Okapia johnstoni; Gp, Giraffokeryx punjabiensis; Sg, Sivatherium giganteum; Bm, Bramatherium megacephalum; Sm, Samotherium major; Pr, Palaeotragus rouenii; Ba, Bohlinia attica; Gs, Giraffa sivalensis; Gc, Giraffa camelopardalis. (a) A modified cladogram based on previously published cladograms by Hamilton [13] and Solounias [14], with the exclusion of species not evaluated in this study. Each clade terminates in a square point corresponding to the age of the respective taxon in millions of years (Ma). The dorsal view of a C3 vertebra for each taxon is demonstrated (excluding Bohlinia as there are no known C3 fossils). Each specimen is isometrically scaled so that all vertebrae are of equal length. (b) Silhouettes of O. johnstoni, S. major and G. camelopardalis (left to right) are provided to give a comprehensive image of a long-necked, short-necked and intermediate-necked individual |
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So Lamarck is the hero? You do realize that without a a mechanism to produce the changes all you have is wishful thinking.
And if it took more than TWO specific mutations, you lose. And by your own papers it had to have taken many specific genes. You lose even if such a thing was possible.
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"Facts are Stupid"- Timothy Horton aka Occam's Afterbirth
"Genetic mutations aren't mistakes"-ID and Timothy Horton
Whales do not have tails. Water turns to ice via a molecular code- Acartia bogart, TARD
YEC is more coherent than materialism and it's bastard child, evolutionism
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