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  Topic: Vestigial structures, High quality links, pics< Next Oldest | Next Newest >  
niiicholas



Posts: 319
Joined: May 2002

(Permalink) Posted: Mar. 29 2003,16:15   

Here is a thread with some striking pics on human tails and natural variation in the tailbone:

Baby with tail 'reincarnation of Hindu god'
http://pub80.ezboard.com/feveryt....6.topic





nic

  
Erik



Posts: 2
Joined: Jan. 2003

(Permalink) Posted: Mar. 30 2003,06:55   

I think some care must be exercised when looking for examples of human atavisms in the form of tails. Not all tails contain any bone structures, which is less impressive (for an atavism) than a human tail consisting of both flesh and bone. I don't know if the ones without bone structures are also atavisms, but the ones with bone structures are no doubt better examples.

I took some interest in atavism a while ago and therefore know that there are a few articles on the subject out there. To see if I could find them again (and newer ones) I did a PubMed seach. Unless otherwise indicated, I have only read the abstracts of the articles I cite here:

Mazan S, Jaillard D, Baratte B & Janvier P (2000) "Otx1 gene-controlled morphogenesis of the horizontal semicircular canal and the origin of the gnathostome characteristics.", Evol Dev, 2(4):186-193

This article reports what is likely an atavism in mice from the time of the common ancestor of mice and lamphreys.

Pollock R, Sreenath T, Ngo L & Bieberich C (1995) "Gain of function mutations for paralogous Hox genes: implications for the evolution of Hox gene function", Proceeding of the National Academy Sciences of the USA, 92(10):4492-4496

This article reports an atavistic return of mice to the ancestral (early synapsid) condition of the ribs/lower vertebral column.

Rijli F, Mark M, Lakkaraju S, Dierich A, Dolle P & Chambon P (1993) "A homeotic transformation is generated in the rostral branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-2, which acts as a selector gene", Cell, 75(7):1333-1349

This article reports an atavistic return of the mouse inner ear to an earlier synapsid state. (N.B. I read the  Rijli and Pollock articles some time ago along with some follow-ups and I seem to remember that one of designations as an "atavism" was challenged in a later article. I think it was Rijli's atavism that was challenged. Not being a developmental biologist I couldn't tell who was right, but check this before using the mice atavism in an argument.)

Shamis L & Auer J (1985) "Complete ulnas and fibulas in a pony foal", J Am Vet Med Assoc, 186(8):802-4

This is an instance of a classic atavism.

Cantu J & Ruiz C (1985) "On atavisms and atavistic genes", On atavisms and atavistic genes, 28(3):141-142

Looks potentially interesting, since it is claimed to contain several examples.

Verhulst J (1996) "Atavisms in homo sapiens: a Bolkian heterodoxy revisited", Acta Biotheorica, 44(1):59-73

This article is just outside the range of issues available online on the journal's homepage. It appears to contain either an argument that some atavisms are not atavisms or, perhaps more likely, a comparison of the modern view to such an argument.

Then there are these ones:
Hall B (1984) "Developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59:89-124

Hall B (1995) "Atavisms and atavistic mutations", Nature Genetics, 10:126-127

I read these long ago. The first is a pretty long review of some known atavisms. Of particular interest is the section on atavism of whales (some whales are even born with toes!) and atavistic returns of the hindlimbs of modern birds to their ancestral, Archaeopteryx-like state. The 1995 article includes a picture of an unfortunate human child born with a lot of hair all over his body, but other than that it doesn't contain much that isn't covered in the 1984 review.

Finally, we shouldn't forget the section of "29 Evidences..." on vestigial structures and atavisms.

Erik

  
niiicholas



Posts: 319
Joined: May 2002

(Permalink) Posted: Mar. 31 2003,23:29   

Wow, thanks for the info Erik.

I think that the variability of the coccyx is interesting as it is just the kind of thing that CD mentions a bunch of times in OoS -- that structures that have lost utility become more variable...

  
theyeti



Posts: 97
Joined: May 2002

(Permalink) Posted: April 01 2003,15:36   

I ran accross this interesting one the other day:

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 Mar 18;100(6):3328-32

Relaxed selective pressure on an essential component of pheromone transduction in primate evolution.

Liman ER, Innan H.

Quote
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects pheromones in many vertebrate species but is likely to be vestigial in humans. TRPC2(TRP2), a gene that is essential for VNO function in the mouse, is a pseudogene in humans. Because TRPC2 is expressed only in the VNO, the loss of selective pressure on this gene can serve as a molecular marker for the time at which the VNO became vestigial. By analyzing sequence data from the TRPC2 gene of 15 extant primate species, we provide evidence that the VNO was most likely functional in the common ancestor of New World monkeys and Old World monkeys and apes, but then became vestigial in the common ancestor of Old World monkeys and apes. We propose that, at this point in evolution, other modalities, notably the development of color vision, may have largely replaced signaling by pheromones.


So we have an organ, the VNO, which appears to require a gene that has been rendered a pseudogene.

theyeti

  
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